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Layers, alpha and blend modes

Layers combine several raster images into one composition. Their order, opacity and blend mode determine the visible result at each pixel.

Take apart the visible composition.

Loading the experiment…

Fade the top layer in, then compare normal and multiply at the overlap. Use any control to take over.

What to try
  1. Hide the top layer, then show it and change its blend mode.
  2. Adjust top-layer opacity and swap the two shapes while watching the sampled overlap.
Open in the Lab ↗

What to look for: The displayed RGB value comes from the actual composed pixel. Layer order changes which color becomes the backdrop; visibility lets you inspect it directly.

How it works

Normal compositing places a source over a backdrop according to alpha. Over an opaque backdrop the result is source × opacity + backdrop × (1 − opacity). With partially transparent layers, both color and coverage must be combined; multiplying color by alpha during intermediate calculations avoids colored fringes.

Blend modes change the color-combination rule before compositing. Multiply darkens by multiplying normalized channel values. Screen uses 1 − (1 − source) × (1 − backdrop), usually brightening. Difference shows channel differences. These rules are applied per channel and still interact with opacity.

Use it in the Lab

Keep generated texture, drawing and color treatments on separate layers. In the Lab, visibility is reversible, Lock prevents edits, and Flatten visible bakes the visible blend stack into one layer.

Limits & distinctions

A blend mode is not a printer simulation. The Lab’s canvas output is a browser raster composition; printer inks, profiles and substrates can produce a different appearance.

Sources & references

Guide updated